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Funeral oration (ancient Greece)
A funeral oration or ''epitaphios logos'' () is a formal speech delivered on the ceremonial occasion of a funeral. Funerary customs comprise the practices used by a culture to remember the dead, from the funeral itself, to various monuments, prayers, and rituals undertaken in their honour. In ancient Greece and, in particular, in ancient Athens, the funeral oration was deemed an indispensable component of the funeral ritual.
The ''epitaphios logos'' is regarded as an almost exclusive Athenian creation, although some early elements of such speeches exist in the epos of Homer and in the lyric poems of Pindar. Pericles' Funeral Oration is the earlier extant of the genre.〔J.A. Colaiaco, ''Socrates Against Athens'', 75〕 The Athenians are those who set the standard and, therefore, Demosthenes praises them, saying that "you alone of all mankind publicly pronounce over your dead funeral orations, in which you extol the deeds of the brave".〔Demosthenes, ''Against Leptines'', (141 )〕
==Homer and Pindar==
In Homer very few elements of ''epitaphios logos'' or laudation are found. At the funeral of Patroclus chief in all the mourning is Achilles; the son of Peleus laid his bloodstained hand on the breast of his friend and cried: "Fare well Patroklos, even in the house of Hades. I will now do all that I erewhile promised you; I will drag Hector hither and let dogs devour him raw; twelve noble sons of Trojans will I also slay before your pyre to avenge you."〔Homer, ''The Iliad'', 23, (19 etc. )〕 As he spoke he treated the body of Hector with contumely, laying it at full length in the dust beside the bier of Patroklos.〔 At the funeral of Hector the women, Andromache, his mother and Helen, deliver the final public statements over the dead body.〔H. P. Foley, ''Female Acts in Greek Tragedy'', 40〕 Andromache laments the loss of her husband with these emotional words:〔Homer, ''The Iliad'', 22, (477 etc. )〕
In the ''Sixth Olympian For Hagesias of Syracuse'', the poet mentions a characteristic example of an epitaph high praise: "Hagesias, that praise is ready for you, which once Adrastus' tongue rightly spoke for the seer Amphiaraus, son of Oicles, when the earth swallowed up him and his shining horses. In Thebes, when the seven pyres of corpses had been consumed, the son of Talaus spoke in this way: “I long for the eye of my army, a man who was good both as a prophet and at fighting with the spear.”"〔Pindar, ''Sixth Olympian'', ( 15 )〕 Nicole Loraux observes that the ''epitaphios'' was "born of lyric poetry and in competition with it", since the funeral oratory "uses poetic themes but reinterprets them from a resolutely political perspective".〔N. Loraux, ''The Invention of Athens'', 231〕
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